{"id":294,"date":"2026-02-04T12:57:47","date_gmt":"2026-02-04T11:57:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/?page_id=294"},"modified":"2026-02-09T21:32:28","modified_gmt":"2026-02-09T20:32:28","slug":"agile-the-simulation-software-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/agile-the-simulation-software-2\/","title":{"rendered":"AGILE: THE SIMULATION SOFTWARE"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-df79ea9772278792f3286a68adbe4c8f\"><strong>The AGILE software with its documentation is available <a href=\"http:\/\/lsst-inaf-agile-2e2eed.pages.ict.inaf.it\/index.html#\">here<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-color has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-ea3425014afaa6e715fa9ca06732c404\">This is a schematic view of how the AGILE pipeline works:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"578\" src=\"https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2026-02-04-at-11.02.21-1024x578.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-256\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.771647157416669;width:1600px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2026-02-04-at-11.02.21-1024x578.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2026-02-04-at-11.02.21-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2026-02-04-at-11.02.21-768x433.png 768w, https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2026-02-04-at-11.02.21-1536x867.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2026-02-04-at-11.02.21.png 1542w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-base-background-color has-background has-large-font-size\" style=\"border-radius:0px\"><strong>Step 1: Creation of the truth catalog containing Galaxies, AGN and stars<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong>Galaxies: <\/strong>We start from an empirically calibrated galaxy sample with redshifts, stellar masses, star-formation rates, and morphologies generated using <a href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2017A%26A...602A..96S\/abstract\">EGG (Empirical Galaxy Generator; Schreiber+ 2017)<\/a> and the most up-to-date measurements of the stellar mass function (COSMOS2020; Weaver+ 2023) up to z ~ 5.5. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong>AGN: <\/strong>We then populate galaxies with AGN whose properties are based on empirical recipes: <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\">In detail: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-large-font-size\">Galaxies are populated with specific accretion rates lambda_SAR = LX\/Mstar according to the p(lambda_SAR = LX \/ Mstar | Mstar, z, type) by Zou+2024<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-large-font-size\">X-ray AGN with LX and z are assigned optical type1\/type2 following Merloni+2014<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-large-font-size\">Optical (2500 AA) luminosities are assigned to X-ray AGN based on alpha_OX following the relation by Lusso+2010<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-large-font-size\">Optical SEDs and broad-band magnitudes are assigned to X-ray AGN according to re-fitted parameters (this work) by QSOGEN (Temple+ 2021)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-large-font-size\">AGN E(B-V) is assigned based on empirical distributions from COSMOS (type2) and LSST DDF (type1)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-large-font-size\">MBH is assigned according to MBH-Mstar scaling relations based on the continuity model with redshift evolution (Roberts, Shankar, in prep.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\">3. <strong>Stars: <\/strong>Finally, the Milky Way and Magellanic cloud single and binary stars are added from the publicly available <a href=\"https:\/\/datalab.noirlab.edu\/lsst_sim\/index.php\">LSST SIM<\/a> database, which is based on the <a href=\"http:\/\/stev.oapd.inaf.it\/cgi-bin\/trilegal\">TRILEGAL<\/a> code (<a href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2012ASSP...26..165G\/abstract\">Girardi+ 2012<\/a>). Variability is included also for the star catalog.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong>Step 2: Creation of the instance truth catalog<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\">The second step consists in going from a purely static Universe to a variable one. This is achieved by assigning optical lightcurves to variable sources, i.e. AGN and stars (CCs, LPVs and binary star systems). We do not consider transient phenomena such as supernovae, or tidal disruption events.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\">Specifically, AGN lightcurves are assigned based on a Damped Random Walk model taking into account physical AGN properties e.g. luminosity and MBH (Suberlak+ 2021)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong>Step 3: Simulated multi-band LSST images (ugrizy): <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\">The AGN+galaxy+stars truth catalog is then fed into the LSST image simulation pipeline <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lsst.org\/scientists\/simulations\/imsim\">Imsim<\/a><\/strong> , which takes into account instrumental effects, sky background, and the LSST <strong>cadence<\/strong>, to generate simulated multi-band images in the Rubin-LSST bands, i.e. u, g, r, i, z, y (and possibly also Euclid VIS+NIR bands). For the current release, we have used the LSST baseline 4.0. In Fig. 1 we show the r-band image corresponding to 1 patch (0.05deg2) with overplotted type-1 AGN (orange circles), type-2 AGN (green circles), galaxies (red circles) and stars (violet).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"748\" height=\"754\" src=\"https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/image-3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-112\" style=\"width:1600px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/image-3.png 748w, https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/image-3-298x300.png 298w, https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/image-3-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 748px) 100vw, 748px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Fig. 1: r-band image corresponding to 1 patch (0.05deg2) with overplotted type-1 AGN (orange circles), type-2 AGN (green circles), galaxies (red circles) and stars (violet). <\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><bdo dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"\">Fig. 2 <\/bdo><bdo dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"\"><\/bdo><bdo dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"\">a<\/bdo><bdo dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"\">n<\/bdo><bdo dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"\">d <\/bdo><bdo dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"\"><\/bdo><bdo dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"\">3<\/bdo> <bdo dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"\">show a zoom-in to the individual 30s calexp images and coadded images. The panels correspond to ugrizy (left to right, top to bottom). <\/bdo><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"729\" src=\"https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-from-2025-07-13-14-36-53-1-1024x729.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-108\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-from-2025-07-13-14-36-53-1-1024x729.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-from-2025-07-13-14-36-53-1-300x214.png 300w, https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-from-2025-07-13-14-36-53-1-768x547.png 768w, https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-from-2025-07-13-14-36-53-1.png 1365w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Fig. 2: Zoom-in to the individual 30s calexp images. The panels correspond to ugrizy (left to right, top to bottom).<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"726\" src=\"https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-from-2025-07-13-14-36-34-2-1024x726.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-109\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-from-2025-07-13-14-36-34-2-1024x726.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-from-2025-07-13-14-36-34-2-300x213.png 300w, https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-from-2025-07-13-14-36-34-2-768x544.png 768w, https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-from-2025-07-13-14-36-34-2.png 1401w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Fig. 3: Zoom-in to the coadded images, corresponding to a total of 1,441 visits. The six panels correspond to ugrizy (left to right, top to bottom). The r-band image shows the locations of AGN type1 (circles) and AGN type2 (squares).<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong>Step 4: Building realistic catalog-level simulated data: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\">On the simulated images we then extract the photometric catalogs using the official LSST photometric tool (<a href=\"https:\/\/pipelines.lsst.io\/index.html\">https:\/\/pipelines.lsst.io\/index.html<\/a>) in order to create a realistic LSST photometric catalog.&nbsp;<br>Fig. 4 shows an example of simulated SED (black line) with overplotted the extracted realistic fluxes (circles) while Fig. 5 shows a simulated AGILE type1 AGN lightcurve (solid line) with fluxes (circles) extracted in the imSim simulated images using the LSST Science Pipelines. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"783\" height=\"587\" src=\"https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/example_sed-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-110\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.33393669976309;width:788px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/example_sed-1.png 783w, https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/example_sed-1-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/example_sed-1-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 783px) 100vw, 783px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Fig. 4: Example of simulated SED (black line) with overplotted the extracted realistic fluxes (circles) in ugrizy bands<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"732\" src=\"https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2026-02-04-at-12.29.35-1024x732.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2026-02-04-at-12.29.35-1024x732.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2026-02-04-at-12.29.35-300x214.png 300w, https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2026-02-04-at-12.29.35-768x549.png 768w, https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2026-02-04-at-12.29.35-1536x1098.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2026-02-04-at-12.29.35-2048x1464.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Fig. 5: Simulated AGILE type1 AGN lightcurve (solid line) with extracted realistic fluxes (circles) in ugrizy bands<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-2859cdd0338ff74223b69ef5b9aadf89\"><strong>The AGILE software with its documentation is available&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/lsst-inaf-agile-2e2eed.pages.ict.inaf.it\/index.html#\">here<\/a><\/strong><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The AGILE software with its documentation is available here This is a schematic view of how the AGILE pipeline works: Step 1: Creation of the truth catalog containing Galaxies, AGN and stars In detail: 3. Stars: Finally, the Milky Way and Magellanic cloud single and binary stars are added from the publicly available LSST SIM [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"angela","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-294","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/294","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=294"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/294\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":328,"href":"https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/294\/revisions\/328"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.oa-roma.inaf.it\/lsst-agn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=294"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}